Saratov 70 is a popular spring wheat variety, showing high yields in the region of the same name and throughout the Lower Volga region. We learn what the features of this variety are, how to sow, grow and harvest it.
Saratov wheat has good baking qualities
Saratov wheat
Saratov wheat is resistant to drought
Grade Features
The spring wheat variety Saratovskaya 70 was obtained by complex stepwise hybridization. The originator of the variety is the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Southeast.
Botanical Description
Variety Saratov 70 belongs to the variety albidum (albidum). It includes soft wheat with white grains and an ear without awns.
A brief botanical description of Saratov 70:
- spiky hairy, rough, medium density, boneless, white;
- inside the ear there are white oval-shaped grains with narrow grooves;
- spike shape - a cylinder, slightly tapering in the upper part;
- spikelet scales - medium size, stiff;
- the bushes are erect.
Specifications
The variety was officially included in the State Register in 2002. Zoned in the Lower Volga and Ural region. Recommended for cultivation in the Saratov region.
Saratov 70 - soft wheat with excellent agrotechnical characteristics. It shows high productivity and is resistant to lodging.
Specifications:
- average productivity - 12-20 kg / ha, maximum - 32 kg / ha;
- ripening period - mid-season variety, the growing season is 85-95 days, ripens at the same time as the standards of Saratov 55 and Saratov 58;
- disease resistance - medium;
- weight of 1000 grains - 35 g;
- drought tolerance - high;
- the grain is vitreous.
Advantages and disadvantages
Grade Advantages:
- high productivity regardless of the weather - the variety is harvested both in favorable and in very dry years;
- in comparison with the standard, it is steady against a smut smut;
- resistance to lodging;
- good baking qualities;
- cost-effective - due to increased productivity (comparison with standards under the same conditions), allows you to get up to 600 rubles. conditional income from 1 hectare.
There is only one drawback - the variety is affected by solid smut, powdery mildew and leaf rust.
Other "Saratov" varieties
Along with the Saratov 70, producers offer several more "Saratov" varieties that differ from each other in the structure of the spike, ripening, yield and other features. Among these varieties there is hard and soft wheat, winter and spring, but all of them are successfully grown in the Saratov region.
Varieties of Saratov wheat:
- Saratov golden. Spring durum wheat. A variety of leucurum. The ears of corn are white, hairless, with white awns and grain. The shape of the spike is cylindrical, the grain is large. Productivity up to 35-40 kg / ha. When harvesting more than 25 kg / ha, the variety is prone to lodging.
- Saratov 73. Soft spring wheat. The variety is mid-season, zoned in the Lower Volga and Ural region. Recommended areas are Orenburg, Saratov. Variety variety - Grekum. Spiky ears, pubescent, pyramidal, medium dense. White grains, 1000 pieces weigh 33-38 g. Productivity - 10-22 kg / ha. The growing season is 70-88 days. The variety is resistant to drought and lodging. Resistance to diseases is average.
- Saratov 90. Soft winter wheat. Early ripening variety Variety - lutescens. The ears are medium-dense, cylindrical. Grains - red, elongated, with an average groove. 1000 grains weigh 36-46 g. The variety is frost-resistant, resistant to lodging and shedding. Productivity - 6-7 t / ha. It is used as food grain.
Agricultural technology
When growing spring wheat, sowing - its terms and conditions, are crucial for the future harvest.
The choice of predecessors
Saratov 70, like all varieties of spring wheat, is particularly demanding on its predecessors.
Place in crop rotation and features of the choice of predecessors:
- If virgin land is plowed, then spring wheat can be grown on the same field for 3 consecutive years.
- If spring wheat is planted in arid steppes, with an average annual rainfall of 300-350 mm, it is important that the soil accumulates moisture before sowing. Therefore, the variety is best sown on clean steam.
- The best predecessors in the Volga region are winter and row crops. In the Central Black Earth region and in the North Caucasus - legumes and row crops. The latter include sunflower, corn, potatoes, root crops. In the south, spring wheat can also be planted after gourds.
- Sowing after crops leads not only to a decrease in yield, but also to a decrease in the quality characteristics of grain.
Tillage
Soil preparation for sowing spring wheat involves the main (autumn) and pre-sowing treatment. The productivity of wheat depends on the quality of the measures taken. Features of soil preparation depend on its type and on predecessors.
The stages of the main processing:
- With high humidity in the fields where cereals, legumes, perennial leguminous grasses or row crops were cultivated, the main tillage begins with husking by disk or plow-shelters. Peeling is carried out immediately after harvesting the predecessor. The depth of peeling is 5-7 cm.
If the precursor is stubble, stubble peeling is carried out. The depth of penetration of hoe cultivators is 10-12 cm on mineral soils, on peat bogs - 8-10 cm. If there are many rhizome weeds on the field - thistles, wheat grass, etc., the depth of peeling increases to 12-14 cm. Moreover, the field is peeled twice - longitudinally and transversely. - If the predecessors were row crops, then cultivation is carried out with a depth of 10-12 cm.
- 15-20 days after peeling / cultivation, the soil is plowed to the depth of the arable layer.
- If weeds appear, the chaff is re-cultivated.
Autumn plowing is carried out as early as possible so that the soil accumulates moisture and nutrients. It also helps clear the weed field and get a higher yield.
The wintering of the chill is usually not carried out, the soil remains until the spring in the form of plowed ridges. Pre-sowing tillage is carried out in early spring, as soon as the soil dries.
Presowing stages:
- Harrowing is carried out in two tracks - in the transverse direction or diagonally. This technique helps to smooth the surface of the soil and close moisture in it.
- 2-3 days after harrowing, cultivation is carried out to a depth of 5-6 cm - this distance corresponds to the depth of sowing. At the same time carry out harrowing and sowing seeds.
- Immediately after sowing, soil rolling is performed - this event improves seed germination and increases productivity.
Fertilizer application
Spring wheat is notable for its composition and fertility. The culture is equally responsive to mineral and organic fertilizers.
Wheat needs three main nutrients for growth and development - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. To obtain one ton of grain in the soil, you must make:
- nitrogen - 35-45 kg;
- phosphorus - 8-12 kg;
- potassium - 17-27 kg.
Fertilizing nitrogen is recommended to combine with the introduction of herbicides - to combat weeds. Phosphorus and potassium are added during the main tillage.
Features of fertilizer application:
- The main fertilizer for wheat is manure, peat or compost - it is applied during autumn plowing. The application rate is 20-30 kg.
- During sowing, superphosphate is added - 10-20 kg per 1 ha.
- On 1 ha, it is recommended to add 2-3 kg of micronutrients containing magnesium, boron, copper, molybdenum.
Sowing
Sowing spring wheat is carried out early and as soon as possible. Grain must be sown in soil that retains sufficient moisture for the germination of grains. A delay of one day can reduce productivity by 0.5-0.7 kg / ha. Early crops can increase the gluten content in grains by 1.2-2.2%.
Seed preparation
Seeds before sowing are etched with any drug approved for use. For example, Celest Top, Vitavax, Maxim Forte and others.
Etching is recommended to be combined with treatment with growth stimulants that contain trace elements. For this purpose, you can use, for example, the drug Raikat Start. The consumption rate is 300 ml per 1 ton of seeds.
Benefits of stimulant treatment:
- disease resistance increases;
- increased resistance to adverse factors at the initial stage of the growing season.
Methods and seeding rate
In order for each plant to receive a sufficient amount of nutrients, moisture and lighting, it is necessary to optimally distribute the grain over the sown area.
Two methods of sowing spring wheat are used:
- Narrow-rowed. The distance between the rows is 7-8 cm. This method increases the sowing rate of grain by 10%, giving an increase to the crop of 2-3 kg / ha.
- Cross. The distance between the rows –15 cm. Provides two seeding. The second time the seeder passes at right angles to the original direction of sowing.
The sowing rate of soft wheat is 4-5.5 million grains per 1 ha. This indicator is soil dependent. On mineral soils, the seeding rate is greater than on peat-bog, by about 1-1.5 million grains.
The ordinary method (row spacing - 15 cm) is rarely used today. Firstly, it is inferior in yield to the narrow-row and cross-sectional method, and secondly, it allows weeds to develop in wide aisles.
To increase the yield of beds with spring wheat, Saratov 70 is located from north to south.
Embedment depth
Determining the depth of seed placement, farmers take into account the characteristics of the soil - its type, moisture content, structure, weediness, temperature. For different soil and climatic zones - its own seeding depth.
Saratov 70, like most spring varieties, is buried by 4-5 cm. This indicator can vary, taking into account weather and soil conditions:
- in arid regions, if there is a lack of moisture in the spring, the sowing depth can be increased to 6-8 cm;
- if sowing is carried out on clayy, poorly aerated soil, the seeding depth, on the contrary, is reduced to 3-4 cm.
For spring wheat, it is important that its seeds are sown in moist, slightly compacted soil, to a depth that ensures friendliness and uniformity of seedlings.
Crop Care
Wheat Saratov 70 needs standard care for spring wheat.
Care measures:
- Harrowing. With its help, improve the breathability of the soil, destroy weeds and soil crust. Harrow crops across rows or diagonally. The equipment used is a rotary hoe or a needle harrow. The first harrowing is carried out even before emergence.
- Packing. This technique is necessary in arid areas, and when a drought occurs, it is necessary in other regions. If the soil is wet, rolling on the other hand will damage the seedlings.
- Weed control. Sprouts of spring wheat develop rather slowly, therefore there is a great danger of oppression by weeds, which, on the contrary, grow by yeast. If for 1 square. m from 25 weeds, then apply herbicides.
Processing is carried out when wheat is at the initial stage of tillering, and weeds are in the phase of formation of 2-4 leaves. - Top dressing. To improve the quality of grain, on the basis of leaf diagnostics, farmers decide on foliar top dressing with nitrogen-containing solutions.
Disease protection
Pesticides in fields with spring wheat are carried out if diseases or pests have exceeded the established threshold of harmfulness. The use of poisons is contraindicated without special indications.
Variety Saratov 70 is most often affected:
- Solid smut. The causative agent is a fungus with signs of teliospores. It appears at the stage of milk ripeness of grain. The ears become flattened, when pressed on the ear, not a white liquid, but a gray one is released.
- Brown rust. The causative agent is a dioecious fungus that affects leaves and ears. Brown voids form, photosynthesis decreases, and the root system suffers. Productivity falls by 25%. Prevention - weed control and seed treatment before planting.
- Powdery Mildew A fungal disease that reduces bushiness and disrupts photosynthesis. Plants are covered with a grayish coating, the leaves dry out. It leads to a loss of 30-35% of the crop. Fungicide treatment is required when 1% of crops are affected.
Prevention measures:
- To prevent diseases, the fields are treated with broad-spectrum fungicides that affect plants throughout the growing season. Using fungicides in the tillering-tubing and earing-flowering phase, 98% of the crop can be saved.
- Sowing only healthy and pickled or disinfected grain.
- Compliance with crop rotation, proper tillage, fertilizing, weed control, etc.
- Prevention of the proximity of crops with winter wheat - to prevent the spread of pathogens.
- The introduction in the fall of 20-30% of nitrogen fertilizers and trace elements.
Pest control
Wheat yields can decrease significantly due to pests. Spring wheat has quite a few enemies - aphids, flies, fleas, gall midges, beetles, thrips and others.
The main pests of wheat Saratov 70:
- Aphid is cereal. Small insect 3 mm long. They feed on plant juices from the moment of emergence of seedlings to the wax ripeness of grains. Damaged grain loses quality. Aphids form 10-12 generations per season.
- Bread Bugs. The most harmful representative of this species is the beetle-bug. Beetles eat grain directly in the ear, squeezing it to the ground. Grain losses reach 2 centners per hectare.
- The bug is a harmful bug. Wheat is damaged by more than 2 dozen bugs, including turtles, of which the harmful turtle is the most dangerous. Bedbug larvae damage the grain. Crop losses reach 7 kg per 1 ha.
Control and prevention measures:
- After harvesting, they plow the field to destroy pests wintering in the soil.
- Observe the optimal timing of sowing.
- In spring, the fields are treated with Metaphos (0.5 L per 1 ha) if a bread flea has appeared.
- Metaphos (0.7 L per 1 ha) or Metathion (1 L per 1 ha) helps with turtles.
- The larvae of leeches are managed with the help of Metathion (0.4 L per 1 ha) or Phosphamide (0.2-0.5 L per 1 ha).
Harvest
Wheat ripens often in cool weather. Bad weather can complicate and delay the harvest, which leads to a decrease in yield. When planning harvesting, it is important to consider the weather and the characteristics of the variety when ripening.
The following factors influence the choice of cleaning terms:
- the height and density of the stems;
- weather;
- weediness;
- tendency to shed.
Saratov 70, like most soft wheat varieties, ripening, quite easily crumbles. Therefore, it must be cleaned as soon as possible. If the weather is wet, the grain can begin to germinate right in the ears.
Cleaning Features:
- Saratov 70 wheat is harvested in a single or two-phase method. Most often, direct harvesting is used.
- The two-phase method is used under adverse conditions - if the field is heavily clogged or the crops ripen unevenly.
Application of the two-phase method allows starting work 4-5 days earlier to get dried grain at the output. Wheat is mown in a phase of wax ripeness. The optimum moisture content of the grain is from 36 to 40%. Cutting height - from 15 to 25 cm.
The choice of cleaning method is carried out in each household, taking into account the circumstances. The main task is to minimize losses and quickly, within 7-10 days, to harvest the entire crop.
Reviews
Fedor O., farmer, Atkarsk. Saratov 70 is perfect for our region.Differs in high productivity and practically does not suffer from a smut. Droughts have little effect on the crop, the main thing is that the wheat gives good seedlings, so the most important thing is not to be late with sowing.
Alexey G., farmer, Engels. Saratov 70 has shown itself well in difficult, unusual conditions for our region. So, a situation was observed when the soil was full of moisture, and the air temperature reached +37 degrees. Due to the heat resistance of the variety, losses were minimal, while less resistant varieties lost up to a ton on each hectare.
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Spring wheat Saratov 70 is a promising variety that allows farmers to get good crops even in adverse conditions. Observing agricultural technology, you can minimize the damage from diseases and insects, and achieve the highest possible yields.
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