The winter wheat variety "Moskovskaya-40" was created relatively recently, and has already earned the recognition of agronomists, it combines low cost and good characteristics of the flour obtained at the output. This wheat produces a good harvest even in the most severe conditions.
Moscow wheat gives high yields
Moscow wheat withstands winter well
Moscow wheat
History of the origin of the variety
In the first half of the 20th century, 90% of winter rye was grown in the central zone of Russia. Wheat, as a more capricious crop, lacked winter hardiness and poor soil composition was not suitable. Breeders focused on creating wheat varieties suitable for cultivation in this region:
- To impart the desired properties, wheat was crossed with wheatgrass, the first winter-hardy varieties were named PPG (wheat-wheatgrass hybrid).
- In 1964 the variety "Mironovskaya-808" was created, it surpassed the PPG varieties in its qualities, and until 2010 was the main cultivated in the non-black earth region. But in harsh conditions and on impoverished soils, this wheat did not provide the desired amount of protein in the grain and the quality of gluten. For the bakery industry, it was necessary to carry wheat grown in Saratov and on the lands of Kazakhstan.
- In 1999, the first variety of winter wheat, grown in the Moscow region, appeared, combining yield with high quality, and therefore suitable for the central regions of Russia. The experimental variety was originally presented as Moskovskaya-39. It was developed by crossing the varieties Yantarnaya 50 and Obriy at the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture in the central regions of the non-chernozem zone "Nemchinovka".
- The resulting wheat reached 1 m in height and fell under unfavorable conditions. It was resistant to most diseases and fungal infections, but had no immunity to powdery mildew and leaf rust, and did not fully meet the requirements of world standards. However, Moskovskaya 39 began to be used for the bakery industry, and not for feeding livestock.
- The breeders continued the selection and after 15 years the wheat variety Moskovskaya - 40 appeared. Since 2011, it has been included in the State Register of promising varieties of the Russian Federation in the Central Region. The stalks of this wheat turned out to be lower and stronger, which made it possible to preserve almost all the grains.
- But work on improving varietal characteristics did not stop there, and as a result of crossing the varieties Inna, Moskovskaya 39 and Mironovskaya semi-intensive, the variety Moskovskaya - 56 was obtained. Even shorter, with an elastic and tough straw.
It has been officially cultivated since 2008. This variety is resistant to lodging and has high disease resistance. For the first time in the history of the USSR and the Russian Federation, the wheat yield reached world records of 141 c / ha, which is 2 times higher than the world indicators. At the same time, grain is the leader in protein content among other varieties.
Variety characteristics
This is one of the last varieties bred for the Non-Black Earth Zone and is recommended for cultivation in areas with long and cold winters and a stable snow cover.
Moscow wheat has the following properties:
- Variety - erythrospermum.
- Type of cultivation - winter.
- Appearance: early maturing plant with upright / intermediate bush, short stems.
- Ear:
- dense;
- club-shaped;
- medium length (7.4 cm);
- medium density (18-19 spikelets per 10 cm of the rod);
- awn average, diverging;
- The average number of spikelets per ear is 14-16, of grains - 27-30;
- The mass of grain per ear is 1.06-1.26 g.
- Variety type: highly adaptive.
- Yield - high:
- 100-117 c / ha (intensive cultivation technology);
- 67–74 kg / ha (basic cultivation technology).
- Vegetation period - 309–324 days.
- Weight of 1000 grains - 50–55 g.
- Maturation type - early maturing.
- Height - short-stemmed, 73-105 cm.
- Grain characteristics:
- large;
- vitreous;
- nature of grain 810 g / l.
- Winter hardiness - high (overwintering for 4 years - 94.4%), plasticity.
- Productivity - high (a large number of productive stems per 1 sq. M, 564 on average over three years, which is 106 stems higher than the standard).
- Direction of use - bakery (valuable wheat):
- the content of raw gluten in flour - up to 34.7%;
- grain protein content up to 15%;
- Ripening period - late.
- Vegetation period: 271-319 days.
- Seed germination - tall and friendly.
It adapts well to environmental conditions in the growing regions.
Drought tolerance
The variety is sufficiently resistant to drought, if irrigation and harvesting are carried out in a timely manner, then the plants give good grain.
Disease resistance
Wheat Moscow is resistant to most diseases dangerous for cereals:
- hard smut;
- brown rust;
- to powdery mildew;
- snow mold.
The variety is susceptible only to septoria.
Due to this, there is no need to additionally subject crops to treatment with expensive chemicals, this contributes to the low cost of grain.
Winter hardiness
Wheat shows high frost resistance. In order for crops to survive the winter, it is important to take proper care of them in the fall.
Lodging resistance
This variety was bred as resistant to lodging as possible, the stem of Moscow wheat is able to withstand strong winds and other unfavorable conditions due to its structure, it:
- short;
- lasting;
- hollow.
Resistant to sprinkling
Thanks to its long and strong awns, which are covered with tightly fitting grains, this wheat shows good resistance to sprinkling. And the high bushiness allows for large harvests.
Taste qualities of the variety
Moscow wheat is one of the most valuable varieties with high taste and baking qualities. It produces elite flour of the 1st grade (34% of raw gluten and 70% water absorption), from which bread and other bakery products are baked on an industrial scale.
The proofing time of the dough is 4.5 minutes, and its dimensional stability is estimated at 5 points.
Advantages over other varieties
Unlike other varieties in which higher yields lead to lower levels of protein and gluten, the Moskovskaya wheat variety shows an exception to the rule, and gives good yields while maintaining grain quality.
This variety shows good results when grown in non-chernozem zones, and withstands winter well in central Russia.
Growing features
Winter wheat variety Moskovskaya, subject to the cultivation technology, is capable of producing high yields on a production scale.
Recommended region
The variety is suitable for growing in the districts:
- Central Black Earth;
- Volgo-Vyatka;
- Central Federal.
Predecessors
The best predecessors for winter wheat varieties Moskovskaya are:
- clean and busy pairs (vetch-oat, pea-oat mixtures);
- perennial herbs;
- silage corn;
- leguminous and early harvested row crops;
- vegetable crops.
Landing dates
Wheat is sown in early autumn, 2 months before stable frosts (August 25 - September 15).
Requirements for soil and seeds
Seeds, no later than 2 days before sowing, must be pickled to prevent disease of the planting material, to obtain strong and friendly shoots
Winter wheat is demanding on soil composition and moisture:
- Timely irrigation during the sowing season. With a lack or excess of moisture, crops may die.
- The optimum temperature for seed germination is + 13 ... + 18 ° C. If it drops to + 4 ... + 5 ° C, then wheat growth will stop and the dormant stage will come. In spring, when plant growth resumes, the temperature will be + 11 ... + 15 ° C. The best temperature range during grain loading is + 20… + 25 ° C.
- Loosening. It is necessary to provide air access to the roots.
- Weed control. To prevent weeds from crushing seedlings, it is important to observe the timing of sowing seeds. For fields under steam, herbicides are used, but their effectiveness decreases when the temperature drops to +12, and at + 8 ... + 10˚C, the preparations become useless.
- Soil acidity. For wheat, the soil pH should be close to neutral (5.6 - 6.0); in order to deoxidize the soil, lime is introduced into the fields in advance under fallow or under the previous culture.
- Soils are best suited:
- black earth;
- chestnut;
- slightly podzolic.
Landing technology
Sowing of winter wheat variety Moskovskaya is carried out in several stages:
- Choosing a place. It is necessary to select a site for sowing in accordance with the requirements of the crop for the composition of the soil, and taking into account the crop rotation.
- Soil preparation and fertilization.
- Seed preparation, dressing.
- Sowing. A narrow-row sowing method is preferable strictly from north to south, so that the sun's rays evenly warm all the seeds. Since winter varieties are distinguished by increased spikeiness and friendly emergence, the seeding density should be low to avoid thickening. The seeding rate is from 3.5 to 6 million viable grains per hectare, depending on the type and condition of the soil. The seeding depth varies from 4 to 6 cm.
Planting care
As wheat grows, plant care is carried out, it includes:
- Rolling the seeds after sowing. Improves seed-soil contact, reduces moisture loss.
- Herbicide treatment. Carried out in the fall after the emergence of seedlings, or in the spring in the phase of tillering of wheat. It is advisable to do this in dry calm weather at an air temperature of 15 ° C to 25 ° C.
- Treatment with pesticides. In the fall, crops are treated against snow mold, and during the period of ear formation and grain formation, they are treated against a complex of diseases:
- seed dressing with a fungicide with an insecticide,
- one or two fungicide treatments for vegetation,
- the frequency of application of insecticides depends on the number of pests
- Regular fertilizing.
Fertilizer
To increase the yield and quality of grain, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers is used:
- Nitrogen. There are 2 options for feeding with nitrogen:
- Gas - carried out 3 times in certain phases of tillering, internodes and flag-leaf, magnesium sulfate is added with one of the nitrogen dressings.
- Solid mineral fertilizers - divided into two stages: first, two-thirds of the fertilizer is given, and then what remains of the total volume. In this case, the first feeding contributes to the good rooting of plants, and the spring one promotes tillering and the formation of a productive stem, the subsequent feeding increases the protein content in the grains. It is preferable to use ammonium nitrate.
- Sulfur. Affects the increase in the baking qualities of wheat and the abundance of the harvest. It is introduced into the soil during the period of green mass gain. In the early stages of development, wheat has enough sulfur, which is in the natural content of the soil. Some agronomists use ammonium sulfate and slake it with lime.
- Potassium. If there is not enough potassium in the soil, you must include it in the top dressing. In this case, they are guided by the region and climatic features.
- Phosphorus. They are added either to the bulk of fertilizers or when sowing. The element increases winter hardiness and helps the plant absorb the necessary nutrients. Phosphorus is beneficial for root development and is important for the successful growing season. Agrotechnical analysis for its content is required in the fall.
For intensive technologies, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in an amount (80-100 kg / ha a.i.)
About harvesting and storage
Harvesting is carried out when wheat is fully ripe (wax ripeness) by direct combining, when the grain moisture content drops below 20%. Then the grain is dried to a moisture content of 13-14%. During storage, the moisture content of the grain is maintained at 14%, preventing spontaneous combustion of the grain mass.
Wheat of the Moskovskaya variety has already shown itself as a high-yielding frost-resistant crop, and is successfully sown in zones with a difficult climate - in non-black earth zones, already now it occupies a leading position in the world market in terms of quality and yield.